// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
/*
 * Test cases for compiler-based stack variable zeroing via
 * -ftrivial-auto-var-init={zero,pattern}.
 * For example, see:
 * "Running tests with kunit_tool" at Documentation/dev-tools/kunit/start.rst
 *	./tools/testing/kunit/kunit.py run stackinit [--raw_output] \
 *		--make_option LLVM=1 \
 *		--kconfig_add CONFIG_INIT_STACK_ALL_ZERO=y
 *
 */
#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt

#include <kunit/test.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/string.h>

/* Exfiltration buffer. */
#define MAX_VAR_SIZE	128
static u8 check_buf[MAX_VAR_SIZE];

/* Character array to trigger stack protector in all functions. */
#define VAR_BUFFER	 32

/* Volatile mask to convince compiler to copy memory with 0xff. */
static volatile u8 forced_mask = 0xff;

/* Location and size tracking to validate fill and test are colocated. */
static void *fill_start, *target_start;
static size_t fill_size, target_size;

static bool stackinit_range_contains(char *haystack_start, size_t haystack_size,
				     char *needle_start, size_t needle_size)
{
	if (needle_start >= haystack_start &&
	    needle_start + needle_size <= haystack_start + haystack_size)
		return true;
	return false;
}

/* Whether the test is expected to fail. */
#define WANT_SUCCESS				0
#define XFAIL					1

#define DO_NOTHING_TYPE_SCALAR(var_type)	var_type
#define DO_NOTHING_TYPE_STRING(var_type)	void
#define DO_NOTHING_TYPE_STRUCT(var_type)	void
#define DO_NOTHING_TYPE_UNION(var_type)		void

#define DO_NOTHING_RETURN_SCALAR(ptr)		*(ptr)
#define DO_NOTHING_RETURN_STRING(ptr)		/**/
#define DO_NOTHING_RETURN_STRUCT(ptr)		/**/
#define DO_NOTHING_RETURN_UNION(ptr)		/**/

#define DO_NOTHING_CALL_SCALAR(var, name)			\
		(var) = do_nothing_ ## name(&(var))
#define DO_NOTHING_CALL_STRING(var, name)			\
		do_nothing_ ## name(var)
#define DO_NOTHING_CALL_STRUCT(var, name)			\
		do_nothing_ ## name(&(var))
#define DO_NOTHING_CALL_UNION(var, name)			\
		do_nothing_ ## name(&(var))

#define FETCH_ARG_SCALAR(var)		&var
#define FETCH_ARG_STRING(var)		var
#define FETCH_ARG_STRUCT(var)		&var
#define FETCH_ARG_UNION(var)		&var

/*
 * On m68k, if the leaf function test variable is longer than 8 bytes,
 * the start of the stack frame moves. 8 is sufficiently large to
 * test m68k char arrays, but leave it at 16 for other architectures.
 */
#ifdef CONFIG_M68K
#define FILL_SIZE_STRING		8
#define FILL_SIZE_ARRAY			2
#else
#define FILL_SIZE_STRING		16
#define FILL_SIZE_ARRAY			8
#endif

#define INIT_CLONE_SCALAR		/**/
#define INIT_CLONE_STRING		[FILL_SIZE_STRING]
#define INIT_CLONE_STRUCT		/**/
#define INIT_CLONE_UNION		/**/

#define ZERO_CLONE_SCALAR(zero)		memset(&(zero), 0x00, sizeof(zero))
#define ZERO_CLONE_STRING(zero)		memset(&(zero), 0x00, sizeof(zero))
/*
 * For the struct, intentionally poison padding to see if it gets
 * copied out in direct assignments.
 * */
#define ZERO_CLONE_STRUCT(zero)				\
	do {						\
		memset(&(zero), 0xFF, sizeof(zero));	\
		zero.one = 0;				\
		zero.two = 0;				\
		zero.three = 0;				\
		zero.four = 0;				\
	} while (0)
#define ZERO_CLONE_UNION(zero)		ZERO_CLONE_STRUCT(zero)

#define INIT_SCALAR_none(var_type)	/**/
#define INIT_SCALAR_zero(var_type)	= 0

#define INIT_STRING_none(var_type)	[FILL_SIZE_STRING] /**/
#define INIT_STRING_zero(var_type)	[FILL_SIZE_STRING] = { }

#define INIT_STRUCT_none(var_type)	/**/
#define INIT_STRUCT_zero(var_type)	= { }
#define INIT_STRUCT_old_zero(var_type)	= { 0 }


#define __static_partial		{ .two = 0, }
#define __static_all			{ .one = 0,			\
					  .two = 0,			\
					  .three = 0,			\
					  .four = 0,			\
					}
#define __dynamic_partial		{ .two = arg->two, }
#define __dynamic_all			{ .one = arg->one,		\
					  .two = arg->two,		\
					  .three = arg->three,		\
					  .four = arg->four,		\
					}
#define __runtime_partial		var.two = 0
#define __runtime_all			var.one = 0;			\
					var.two = 0;			\
					var.three = 0;			\
					var.four = 0

#define INIT_STRUCT_static_partial(var_type)				\
					= __static_partial
#define INIT_STRUCT_static_all(var_type)				\
					= __static_all
#define INIT_STRUCT_dynamic_partial(var_type)				\
					= __dynamic_partial
#define INIT_STRUCT_dynamic_all(var_type)				\
					= __dynamic_all
#define INIT_STRUCT_runtime_partial(var_type)				\
					; __runtime_partial
#define INIT_STRUCT_runtime_all(var_type)				\
					; __runtime_all

#define INIT_STRUCT_assigned_static_partial(var_type)			\
					; var = (var_type)__static_partial
#define INIT_STRUCT_assigned_static_all(var_type)			\
					; var = (var_type)__static_all
#define INIT_STRUCT_assigned_dynamic_partial(var_type)			\
					; var = (var_type)__dynamic_partial
#define INIT_STRUCT_assigned_dynamic_all(var_type)			\
					; var = (var_type)__dynamic_all

#define INIT_STRUCT_assigned_copy(var_type)				\
					; var = *(arg)

/* Union initialization is the same as structs. */
#define INIT_UNION_none(var_type)	INIT_STRUCT_none(var_type)
#define INIT_UNION_zero(var_type)	INIT_STRUCT_zero(var_type)
#define INIT_UNION_old_zero(var_type)	INIT_STRUCT_old_zero(var_type)

#define INIT_UNION_static_partial(var_type)		\
	INIT_STRUCT_static_partial(var_type)
#define INIT_UNION_static_all(var_type)			\
	INIT_STRUCT_static_all(var_type)
#define INIT_UNION_dynamic_partial(var_type)		\
	INIT_STRUCT_dynamic_partial(var_type)
#define INIT_UNION_dynamic_all(var_type)		\
	INIT_STRUCT_dynamic_all(var_type)
#define INIT_UNION_runtime_partial(var_type)		\
	INIT_STRUCT_runtime_partial(var_type)
#define INIT_UNION_runtime_all(var_type)		\
	INIT_STRUCT_runtime_all(var_type)
#define INIT_UNION_assigned_static_partial(var_type)	\
	INIT_STRUCT_assigned_static_partial(var_type)
#define INIT_UNION_assigned_static_all(var_type)	\
	INIT_STRUCT_assigned_static_all(var_type)
#define INIT_UNION_assigned_dynamic_partial(var_type)	\
	INIT_STRUCT_assigned_dynamic_partial(var_type)
#define INIT_UNION_assigned_dynamic_all(var_type)	\
	INIT_STRUCT_assigned_dynamic_all(var_type)
#define INIT_UNION_assigned_copy(var_type)		\
	INIT_STRUCT_assigned_copy(var_type)

/*
 * The "did we actually fill the stack?" check value needs
 * to be neither 0 nor any of the "pattern" bytes. The
 * pattern bytes are compiler, architecture, and type based,
 * so we have to pick a value that never appears for those
 * combinations. Use 0x99 which is not 0xFF, 0xFE, nor 0xAA.
 */
#define FILL_BYTE	0x99

/*
 * @name: unique string name for the test
 * @var_type: type to be tested for zeroing initialization
 * @which: is this a SCALAR, STRING, or STRUCT type?
 * @init_level: what kind of initialization is performed
 * @xfail: is this test expected to fail?
 */
#define DEFINE_TEST_DRIVER(name, var_type, which, xfail)	\
/* Returns 0 on success, 1 on failure. */			\
static noinline void test_ ## name (struct kunit *test)		\
{								\
	var_type zero INIT_CLONE_ ## which;			\
	int ignored;						\
	u8 sum = 0, i;						\
								\
	/* Notice when a new test is larger than expected. */	\
	BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(zero) > MAX_VAR_SIZE);		\
								\
	/* Fill clone type with zero for per-field init. */	\
	ZERO_CLONE_ ## which(zero);				\
	/* Clear entire check buffer for 0xFF overlap test. */	\
	memset(check_buf, 0x00, sizeof(check_buf));		\
	/* Fill stack with FILL_BYTE. */			\
	ignored = leaf_ ##name((unsigned long)&ignored, 1,	\
				FETCH_ARG_ ## which(zero));	\
	/* Verify all bytes overwritten with FILL_BYTE. */	\
	for (sum = 0, i = 0; i < target_size; i++)		\
		sum += (check_buf[i] != FILL_BYTE);		\
	/* Clear entire check buffer for later bit tests. */	\
	memset(check_buf, 0x00, sizeof(check_buf));		\
	/* Extract stack-defined variable contents. */		\
	ignored = leaf_ ##name((unsigned long)&ignored, 0,	\
				FETCH_ARG_ ## which(zero));	\
	/*							\
	 * Delay the sum test to here to do as little as	\
	 * possible between the two leaf function calls.	\
	 */							\
	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ_MSG(test, sum, 0,			\
			    "leaf fill was not 0x%02X!?\n",	\
			    FILL_BYTE);				\
								\
	/* Validate that compiler lined up fill and target. */	\
	KUNIT_ASSERT_TRUE_MSG(test,				\
		stackinit_range_contains(fill_start, fill_size,	\
			    target_start, target_size),		\
		"stackframe was not the same between calls!? "	\
		"(fill %zu wide, target offset by %d)\n",	\
		fill_size,					\
		(int)((ssize_t)(uintptr_t)fill_start -		\
		      (ssize_t)(uintptr_t)target_start));	\
								\
	/* Validate check region has no FILL_BYTE bytes. */	\
	for (sum = 0, i = 0; i < target_size; i++)		\
		sum += (check_buf[i] == FILL_BYTE);		\
								\
	if (sum != 0 && xfail)					\
		kunit_skip(test,				\
			   "XFAIL uninit bytes: %d\n",		\
			   sum);				\
	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ_MSG(test, sum, 0,			\
		"uninit bytes: %d\n", sum);			\
}
#define DEFINE_TEST(name, var_type, which, init_level, xfail)	\
/* no-op to force compiler into ignoring "uninitialized" vars */\
static noinline DO_NOTHING_TYPE_ ## which(var_type)		\
do_nothing_ ## name(var_type *ptr)				\
{								\
	OPTIMIZER_HIDE_VAR(ptr);				\
	/* Will always be true, but compiler doesn't know. */	\
	if ((unsigned long)ptr > 0x2)				\
		return DO_NOTHING_RETURN_ ## which(ptr);	\
	else							\
		return DO_NOTHING_RETURN_ ## which(ptr + 1);	\
}								\
static noinline int leaf_ ## name(unsigned long sp, bool fill,	\
				  var_type *arg)		\
{								\
	char buf[VAR_BUFFER];					\
	var_type var						\
		INIT_ ## which ## _ ## init_level(var_type);	\
								\
	target_start = &var;					\
	target_size = sizeof(var);				\
	/*							\
	 * Keep this buffer around to make sure we've got a	\
	 * stack frame of SOME kind...				\
	 */							\
	memset(buf, (char)(sp & 0xff), sizeof(buf));		\
	/* Fill variable with FILL_BYTE. */			\
	if (fill) {						\
		fill_start = &var;				\
		fill_size = sizeof(var);			\
		memset(fill_start,				\
		       FILL_BYTE & forced_mask,			\
		       fill_size);				\
	}							\
								\
	/* Silence "never initialized" warnings. */		\
	DO_NOTHING_CALL_ ## which(var, name);			\
								\
	/* Exfiltrate "var". */					\
	memcpy(check_buf, target_start, target_size);		\
								\
	return (int)buf[0] | (int)buf[sizeof(buf) - 1];		\
}								\
DEFINE_TEST_DRIVER(name, var_type, which, xfail)

/* Structure with no padding. */
struct test_packed {
	unsigned long one;
	unsigned long two;
	unsigned long three;
	unsigned long four;
};

/* Simple structure with padding likely to be covered by compiler. */
struct test_small_hole {
	size_t one;
	char two;
	/* 3 byte padding hole here. */
	int three;
	unsigned long four;
};

/* Trigger unhandled padding in a structure. */
struct test_big_hole {
	u8 one;
	u8 two;
	u8 three;
	/* 61 byte padding hole here. */
	u8 four __aligned(64);
} __aligned(64);

struct test_trailing_hole {
	char *one;
	char *two;
	char *three;
	char four;
	/* "sizeof(unsigned long) - 1" byte padding hole here. */
};

/* Test if STRUCTLEAK is clearing structs with __user fields. */
struct test_user {
	u8 one;
	unsigned long two;
	char __user *three;
	unsigned long four;
};

/* No padding: all members are the same size. */
union test_same_sizes {
	unsigned long one;
	unsigned long two;
	unsigned long three;
	unsigned long four;
};

/* Mismatched sizes, with one and two being small */
union test_small_start {
	char one:1;
	char two;
	short three;
	unsigned long four;
	struct big_struct {
		unsigned long array[FILL_SIZE_ARRAY];
	} big;
};

/* Mismatched sizes, with three and four being small */
union test_small_end {
	short one;
	unsigned long two;
	char three:1;
	char four;
};

#define ALWAYS_PASS		WANT_SUCCESS
#define ALWAYS_FAIL		XFAIL

#ifdef CONFIG_INIT_STACK_NONE
# define INSTRUMENTED_PASS	XFAIL
#else
# define INSTRUMENTED_PASS	WANT_SUCCESS
#endif

/*
 * Clang 24 and later emit initialization on the jumps that bypass the
 * declaration. GCC still initializes only at the declaration. Track
 * test expectation based on CONFIG_INIT_STACK_NONE above.
 */
#if defined(CONFIG_CC_IS_CLANG) && CONFIG_CLANG_VERSION >= 240000
# define BYPASS_PASS	INSTRUMENTED_PASS
#else
# define BYPASS_PASS	XFAIL
#endif

#define DEFINE_SCALAR_TEST(name, init, xfail)			\
		DEFINE_TEST(name ## _ ## init, name, SCALAR,	\
			    init, xfail)

#define DEFINE_SCALAR_TESTS(init, xfail)			\
		DEFINE_SCALAR_TEST(u8, init, xfail);		\
		DEFINE_SCALAR_TEST(u16, init, xfail);		\
		DEFINE_SCALAR_TEST(u32, init, xfail);		\
		DEFINE_SCALAR_TEST(u64, init, xfail);		\
		DEFINE_TEST(char_array_ ## init, unsigned char,	\
			    STRING, init, xfail)

#define DEFINE_STRUCT_TEST(name, init, xfail)			\
		DEFINE_TEST(name ## _ ## init,			\
			    struct test_ ## name, STRUCT, init, \
			    xfail)

#define DEFINE_UNION_TEST(name, init, xfail)			\
		DEFINE_TEST(name ## _ ## init,			\
			    union test_ ## name, STRUCT, init,	\
			    xfail)

#define DEFINE_STRUCT_TESTS(init, xfail)			\
		DEFINE_STRUCT_TEST(small_hole, init, xfail);	\
		DEFINE_STRUCT_TEST(big_hole, init, xfail);	\
		DEFINE_STRUCT_TEST(trailing_hole, init, xfail);	\
		DEFINE_STRUCT_TEST(packed, init, xfail)

#define DEFINE_STRUCT_INITIALIZER_TESTS(base, xfail)		\
		DEFINE_STRUCT_TESTS(base ## _ ## partial,	\
				    xfail);			\
		DEFINE_STRUCT_TESTS(base ## _ ## all, xfail)

#define DEFINE_UNION_INITIALIZER_TESTS(base, xfail)		\
		DEFINE_UNION_TESTS(base ## _ ## partial,	\
				    xfail);			\
		DEFINE_UNION_TESTS(base ## _ ## all, xfail)

#define DEFINE_UNION_TESTS(init, xfail)				\
		DEFINE_UNION_TEST(same_sizes, init, xfail);	\
		DEFINE_UNION_TEST(small_start, init, xfail);	\
		DEFINE_UNION_TEST(small_end, init, xfail);

/* These should be fully initialized all the time! */
DEFINE_SCALAR_TESTS(zero, ALWAYS_PASS);
DEFINE_STRUCT_TESTS(zero, ALWAYS_PASS);
DEFINE_STRUCT_TESTS(old_zero, ALWAYS_PASS);
DEFINE_UNION_TESTS(zero, ALWAYS_PASS);
DEFINE_UNION_TESTS(old_zero, ALWAYS_PASS);
/* Struct initializers: padding may be left uninitialized. */
DEFINE_STRUCT_INITIALIZER_TESTS(static, INSTRUMENTED_PASS);
DEFINE_STRUCT_INITIALIZER_TESTS(dynamic, INSTRUMENTED_PASS);
DEFINE_STRUCT_INITIALIZER_TESTS(runtime, INSTRUMENTED_PASS);
DEFINE_STRUCT_INITIALIZER_TESTS(assigned_static, INSTRUMENTED_PASS);
DEFINE_STRUCT_INITIALIZER_TESTS(assigned_dynamic, INSTRUMENTED_PASS);
DEFINE_STRUCT_TESTS(assigned_copy, ALWAYS_FAIL);
DEFINE_UNION_INITIALIZER_TESTS(static, INSTRUMENTED_PASS);
DEFINE_UNION_INITIALIZER_TESTS(dynamic, INSTRUMENTED_PASS);
DEFINE_UNION_INITIALIZER_TESTS(runtime, INSTRUMENTED_PASS);
DEFINE_UNION_INITIALIZER_TESTS(assigned_static, INSTRUMENTED_PASS);
DEFINE_UNION_INITIALIZER_TESTS(assigned_dynamic, INSTRUMENTED_PASS);
DEFINE_UNION_TESTS(assigned_copy, ALWAYS_FAIL);
/* No initialization without compiler instrumentation. */
DEFINE_SCALAR_TESTS(none, INSTRUMENTED_PASS);
DEFINE_STRUCT_TESTS(none, INSTRUMENTED_PASS);
/* Initialization of members with __user attribute. */
DEFINE_TEST(user, struct test_user, STRUCT, none, INSTRUMENTED_PASS);

/*
 * Check two uses through a variable declaration outside either path,
 * which was noticed as a special case in porting earlier stack init
 * compiler logic.
 */
static int noinline __leaf_switch_none(int path, bool fill)
{
	switch (path) {
		/*
		 * This is intentionally unreachable. To silence the
		 * warning, build with -Wno-switch-unreachable
		 */
		uint64_t var[10];

	case 1:
		target_start = &var;
		target_size = sizeof(var);
		if (fill) {
			fill_start = &var;
			fill_size = sizeof(var);

			memset(fill_start, (forced_mask | 0x55) & FILL_BYTE, fill_size);
		}
		memcpy(check_buf, target_start, target_size);
		break;
	case 2:
		target_start = &var;
		target_size = sizeof(var);
		if (fill) {
			fill_start = &var;
			fill_size = sizeof(var);

			memset(fill_start, (forced_mask | 0xaa) & FILL_BYTE, fill_size);
		}
		memcpy(check_buf, target_start, target_size);
		break;
	default:
		var[1] = 5;
		return var[1] & forced_mask;
	}
	return 0;
}

static noinline int __leaf_goto_none(bool fill)
{
	goto bypass;
	/*
	 * This declaration is jumped over by the goto above, so it is
	 * never reached. Compilers that initialize only at the point of
	 * declaration leave this variable untouched.
	 */
	uint64_t var[10];

bypass:
	target_start = &var;
	target_size = sizeof(var);
	if (fill) {
		fill_start = &var;
		fill_size = sizeof(var);

		memset(fill_start, (forced_mask | 0x55) & FILL_BYTE, fill_size);
	}
	memcpy(check_buf, target_start, target_size);

	return 0;
}

static noinline int leaf_goto_none(unsigned long sp, bool fill,
					  uint64_t *arg)
{
	return __leaf_goto_none(fill);
}

static noinline int leaf_switch_1_none(unsigned long sp, bool fill,
					      uint64_t *arg)
{
	return __leaf_switch_none(1, fill);
}

static noinline int leaf_switch_2_none(unsigned long sp, bool fill,
					      uint64_t *arg)
{
	return __leaf_switch_none(2, fill);
}

/*
 * A declaration whose definition point is jumped over, either by a switch
 * dispatch reaching a "case" label below it or by a goto, used to be left
 * uninitialized: the initialization is emitted where the variable is
 * declared, and that point is never reached.
 */
DEFINE_TEST_DRIVER(switch_1_none, uint64_t, SCALAR, BYPASS_PASS);
DEFINE_TEST_DRIVER(switch_2_none, uint64_t, SCALAR, BYPASS_PASS);
DEFINE_TEST_DRIVER(goto_none, uint64_t, SCALAR, BYPASS_PASS);

#define KUNIT_test_scalars(init)			\
		KUNIT_CASE(test_u8_ ## init),		\
		KUNIT_CASE(test_u16_ ## init),		\
		KUNIT_CASE(test_u32_ ## init),		\
		KUNIT_CASE(test_u64_ ## init),		\
		KUNIT_CASE(test_char_array_ ## init)

#define KUNIT_test_structs(init)			\
		KUNIT_CASE(test_small_hole_ ## init),	\
		KUNIT_CASE(test_big_hole_ ## init),	\
		KUNIT_CASE(test_trailing_hole_ ## init),\
		KUNIT_CASE(test_packed_ ## init)	\

#define KUNIT_test_unions(init)				\
		KUNIT_CASE(test_same_sizes_ ## init),	\
		KUNIT_CASE(test_small_start_ ## init),	\
		KUNIT_CASE(test_small_end_ ## init)	\

static struct kunit_case stackinit_test_cases[] = {
	/* These are explicitly initialized and should always pass. */
	KUNIT_test_scalars(zero),
	KUNIT_test_structs(zero),
	KUNIT_test_structs(old_zero),
	KUNIT_test_unions(zero),
	KUNIT_test_unions(old_zero),
	/* Padding here appears to be accidentally always initialized? */
	KUNIT_test_structs(dynamic_partial),
	KUNIT_test_structs(assigned_dynamic_partial),
	KUNIT_test_unions(dynamic_partial),
	KUNIT_test_unions(assigned_dynamic_partial),
	/* Padding initialization depends on compiler behaviors. */
	KUNIT_test_structs(static_partial),
	KUNIT_test_structs(static_all),
	KUNIT_test_structs(dynamic_all),
	KUNIT_test_structs(runtime_partial),
	KUNIT_test_structs(runtime_all),
	KUNIT_test_structs(assigned_static_partial),
	KUNIT_test_structs(assigned_static_all),
	KUNIT_test_structs(assigned_dynamic_all),
	KUNIT_test_unions(static_partial),
	KUNIT_test_unions(static_all),
	KUNIT_test_unions(dynamic_all),
	KUNIT_test_unions(runtime_partial),
	KUNIT_test_unions(runtime_all),
	KUNIT_test_unions(assigned_static_partial),
	KUNIT_test_unions(assigned_static_all),
	KUNIT_test_unions(assigned_dynamic_all),
	/* Everything fails this since it effectively performs a memcpy(). */
	KUNIT_test_structs(assigned_copy),
	KUNIT_test_unions(assigned_copy),
	/* STRUCTLEAK_BYREF_ALL should cover everything from here down. */
	KUNIT_test_scalars(none),
	KUNIT_CASE(test_switch_1_none),
	KUNIT_CASE(test_switch_2_none),
	KUNIT_CASE(test_goto_none),
	/* STRUCTLEAK_BYREF should cover from here down. */
	KUNIT_test_structs(none),
	/* STRUCTLEAK will only cover this. */
	KUNIT_CASE(test_user),
	{}
};

static struct kunit_suite stackinit_test_suite = {
	.name = "stackinit",
	.test_cases = stackinit_test_cases,
};

kunit_test_suites(&stackinit_test_suite);

MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Test cases for compiler-based stack variable zeroing");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");