.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

=================
KVM Lock Overview
=================

1. Acquisition Orders
---------------------

The acquisition orders for mutexes are as follows:

- cpus_read_lock() is taken outside kvm_lock and kvm_usage_lock

- kvm->lock is taken outside vcpu->mutex

- kvm->lock is taken outside kvm->slots_lock and kvm->irq_lock

- kvm->slots_lock is taken outside kvm->irq_lock, though acquiring
  them together is quite rare.

- kvm->mn_active_invalidate_count ensures that pairs of
  invalidate_range_start() and invalidate_range_end() callbacks
  use the same memslots array.  kvm->slots_lock and kvm->slots_arch_lock
  are taken on the waiting side when modifying memslots, so MMU notifiers
  must not take either kvm->slots_lock or kvm->slots_arch_lock.

cpus_read_lock() vs kvm_lock:

- Taking cpus_read_lock() outside of kvm_lock is problematic, despite that
  being the official ordering, as it is quite easy to unknowingly trigger
  cpus_read_lock() while holding kvm_lock.  Use caution when walking vm_list,
  e.g. avoid complex operations when possible.

For SRCU:

- ``synchronize_srcu(&kvm->srcu)`` is called inside critical sections
  for kvm->lock, vcpu->mutex and kvm->slots_lock.  These locks _cannot_
  be taken inside a kvm->srcu read-side critical section; that is, the
  following is broken::

      srcu_read_lock(&kvm->srcu);
      mutex_lock(&kvm->slots_lock);

- kvm->slots_arch_lock instead is released before the call to
  ``synchronize_srcu()``.  It _can_ therefore be taken inside a
  kvm->srcu read-side critical section, for example while processing
  a vmexit.

On x86:

- vcpu->mutex is taken outside kvm->arch.hyperv.hv_lock and kvm->arch.xen.xen_lock

- kvm->arch.mmu_lock is an rwlock.  kvm->arch.tdp_mmu_pages_lock and
  kvm->arch.mmu_unsync_pages_lock are taken inside kvm->arch.mmu_lock, and
  cannot be taken without already holding kvm->arch.mmu_lock (typically with
  ``read_lock`` for the TDP MMU, thus the need for additional spinlocks).

Everything else is a leaf: no other lock is taken inside the critical
sections.

2. Exception
------------

Fast page fault:

Fast page fault is the fast path which fixes the guest page fault out of
the mmu-lock on x86. Currently, the page fault can be fast in one of the
following two cases:

1. Access Tracking: The SPTE is not present, but it is marked for access
   tracking. That means we need to restore the saved R/X bits. This is
   described in more detail later below.

2. Write-Protection: The SPTE is present and the fault is caused by
   write-protect. That means we just need to change the W bit of the spte.

What we use to avoid all the races is the Host-writable bit and MMU-writable bit
on the spte:

- Host-writable means the gfn is writable in the host kernel page tables and in
  its KVM memslot.
- MMU-writable means the gfn is writable in the guest's mmu and it is not
  write-protected by shadow page write-protection.

On fast page fault path, we will use cmpxchg to atomically set the spte W
bit if spte.HOST_WRITEABLE = 1 and spte.WRITE_PROTECT = 1, to restore the saved
R/X bits if for an access-traced spte, or both. This is safe because whenever
changing these bits can be detected by cmpxchg.

But we need carefully check these cases:

1) The mapping from gfn to pfn

The mapping from gfn to pfn may be changed since we can only ensure the pfn
is not changed during cmpxchg. This is a ABA problem, for example, below case
will happen:

+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| At the beginning::                                                     |
|                                                                        |
|	gpte = gfn1                                                      |
|	gfn1 is mapped to pfn1 on host                                   |
|	spte is the shadow page table entry corresponding with gpte and  |
|	spte = pfn1                                                      |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| On fast page fault path:                                               |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| CPU 0:                             | CPU 1:                            |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ::                                 |                                   |
|                                    |                                   |
|   old_spte = *spte;                |                                   |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                    | pfn1 is swapped out::             |
|                                    |                                   |
|                                    |    spte = 0;                      |
|                                    |                                   |
|                                    | pfn1 is re-alloced for gfn2.      |
|                                    |                                   |
|                                    | gpte is changed to point to       |
|                                    | gfn2 by the guest::               |
|                                    |                                   |
|                                    |    spte = pfn1;                   |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ::                                                                     |
|                                                                        |
|   if (cmpxchg(spte, old_spte, old_spte+W)                              |
|	mark_page_dirty(vcpu->kvm, gfn1)                                 |
|            OOPS!!!                                                     |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+

We dirty-log for gfn1, that means gfn2 is lost in dirty-bitmap.

For direct sp, we can easily avoid it since the spte of direct sp is fixed
to gfn.  For indirect sp, we disabled fast page fault for simplicity.

A solution for indirect sp could be to pin the gfn, for example via
kvm_vcpu_gfn_to_pfn_atomic, before the cmpxchg.  After the pinning:

- We have held the refcount of pfn; that means the pfn can not be freed and
  be reused for another gfn.
- The pfn is writable and therefore it cannot be shared between different gfns
  by KSM.

Then, we can ensure the dirty bitmaps is correctly set for a gfn.

2) Dirty bit tracking

In the origin code, the spte can be fast updated (non-atomically) if the
spte is read-only and the Accessed bit has already been set since the
Accessed bit and Dirty bit can not be lost.

But it is not true after fast page fault since the spte can be marked
writable between reading spte and updating spte. Like below case:

+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| At the beginning::                                                     |
|                                                                        |
|	spte.W = 0                                                       |
|	spte.Accessed = 1                                                |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| CPU 0:                             | CPU 1:                            |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| In mmu_spte_clear_track_bits()::   |                                   |
|                                    |                                   |
|  old_spte = *spte;                 |                                   |
|                                    |                                   |
|                                    |                                   |
|  /* 'if' condition is satisfied. */|                                   |
|  if (old_spte.Accessed == 1 &&     |                                   |
|       old_spte.W == 0)             |                                   |
|     spte = 0ull;                   |                                   |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                    | on fast page fault path::         |
|                                    |                                   |
|                                    |    spte.W = 1                     |
|                                    |                                   |
|                                    | memory write on the spte::        |
|                                    |                                   |
|                                    |    spte.Dirty = 1                 |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|  ::                                |                                   |
|                                    |                                   |
|   else                             |                                   |
|     old_spte = xchg(spte, 0ull)    |                                   |
|   if (old_spte.Accessed == 1)      |                                   |
|     kvm_set_pfn_accessed(spte.pfn);|                                   |
|   if (old_spte.Dirty == 1)         |                                   |
|     kvm_set_pfn_dirty(spte.pfn);   |                                   |
|     OOPS!!!                        |                                   |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

The Dirty bit is lost in this case.

In order to avoid this kind of issue, we always treat the spte as "volatile"
if it can be updated out of mmu-lock [see spte_has_volatile_bits()]; it means
the spte is always atomically updated in this case.

3) flush tlbs due to spte updated

If the spte is updated from writable to read-only, we should flush all TLBs,
otherwise rmap_write_protect will find a read-only spte, even though the
writable spte might be cached on a CPU's TLB.

As mentioned before, the spte can be updated to writable out of mmu-lock on
fast page fault path. In order to easily audit the path, we see if TLBs needing
to be flushed caused this reason in mmu_spte_update() since this is a common
function to update spte (present -> present).

Since the spte is "volatile" if it can be updated out of mmu-lock, we always
atomically update the spte and the race caused by fast page fault can be avoided.
See the comments in spte_has_volatile_bits() and mmu_spte_update().

Lockless Access Tracking:

This is used for Intel CPUs that are using EPT but do not support the EPT A/D
bits. In this case, PTEs are tagged as A/D disabled (using ignored bits), and
when the KVM MMU notifier is called to track accesses to a page (via
kvm_mmu_notifier_clear_flush_young), it marks the PTE not-present in hardware
by clearing the RWX bits in the PTE and storing the original R & X bits in more
unused/ignored bits. When the VM tries to access the page later on, a fault is
generated and the fast page fault mechanism described above is used to
atomically restore the PTE to a Present state. The W bit is not saved when the
PTE is marked for access tracking and during restoration to the Present state,
the W bit is set depending on whether or not it was a write access. If it
wasn't, then the W bit will remain clear until a write access happens, at which
time it will be set using the Dirty tracking mechanism described above.

3. Reference
------------

``kvm_lock``
^^^^^^^^^^^^

:Type:		mutex
:Arch:		any
:Protects:	- vm_list

``kvm_usage_lock``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

:Type:		mutex
:Arch:		any
:Protects:	- kvm_usage_count
		- hardware virtualization enable/disable
:Comment:	Exists because using kvm_lock leads to deadlock (see earlier comment
		on cpus_read_lock() vs kvm_lock).  Note, KVM also disables CPU hotplug via
		cpus_read_lock() when enabling/disabling virtualization.

``kvm->mn_invalidate_lock``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

:Type:          spinlock_t
:Arch:          any
:Protects:      mn_active_invalidate_count, mn_memslots_update_rcuwait

``kvm_arch::tsc_write_lock``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

:Type:		raw_spinlock_t
:Arch:		x86
:Protects:	- kvm_arch::{last_tsc_write,last_tsc_nsec,last_tsc_offset}
		- tsc offset in vmcb
:Comment:	'raw' because updating the tsc offsets must not be preempted.

``kvm->mmu_lock``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
:Type:		spinlock_t or rwlock_t
:Arch:		any
:Protects:	-shadow page/shadow tlb entry
:Comment:	it is a spinlock since it is used in mmu notifier.

``kvm->srcu``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
:Type:		srcu lock
:Arch:		any
:Protects:	- kvm->memslots
		- kvm->buses
:Comment:	The srcu read lock must be held while accessing memslots (e.g.
		when using gfn_to_* functions) and while accessing in-kernel
		MMIO/PIO address->device structure mapping (kvm->buses).
		The srcu index can be stored in kvm_vcpu->srcu_idx per vcpu
		if it is needed by multiple functions.

``kvm->slots_arch_lock``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
:Type:          mutex
:Arch:          any (only needed on x86 though)
:Protects:      any arch-specific fields of memslots that have to be modified
                in a ``kvm->srcu`` read-side critical section.
:Comment:       must be held before reading the pointer to the current memslots,
                until after all changes to the memslots are complete

``wakeup_vcpus_on_cpu_lock``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
:Type:		spinlock_t
:Arch:		x86
:Protects:	wakeup_vcpus_on_cpu
:Comment:	This is a per-CPU lock and it is used for VT-d posted-interrupts.
		When VT-d posted-interrupts are supported and the VM has assigned
		devices, we put the blocked vCPU on the list blocked_vcpu_on_cpu
		protected by blocked_vcpu_on_cpu_lock. When VT-d hardware issues
		wakeup notification event since external interrupts from the
		assigned devices happens, we will find the vCPU on the list to
		wakeup.

``vendor_module_lock``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
:Type:		mutex
:Arch:		x86
:Protects:	loading a vendor module (kvm_amd or kvm_intel)
:Comment:	Exists because using kvm_lock leads to deadlock.  kvm_lock is taken
    in notifiers, e.g. __kvmclock_cpufreq_notifier(), that may be invoked while
    cpu_hotplug_lock is held, e.g. from cpufreq_boost_trigger_state(), and many
    operations need to take cpu_hotplug_lock when loading a vendor module, e.g.
    updating static calls.