Documentation/sh/new-machine.txt - linux - Git at Google


                 Adding a new board to LinuxSH
                ================================

                Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>

 This document attempts to outline what steps are necessary to add support
 for new boards to the LinuxSH port under the new 2.5 and 2.6 kernels. This
 also attempts to outline some of the noticeable changes between the 2.4
 and the 2.5/2.6 SH backend.

 1. New Directory Structure
 ==========================

 The first thing to note is the new directory structure. Under 2.4, most
 of the board-specific code (with the exception of stboards) ended up
 in arch/sh/kernel/ directly, with board-specific headers ending up in
 include/asm-sh/. For the new kernel, things are broken out by board type,
 companion chip type, and CPU type. Looking at a tree view of this directory
 hierarchy looks like the following:

 Board-specific code:

 .
 |-- arch
 |   `-- sh
 |       `-- boards
 |           |-- adx
 |           |   `-- board-specific files
 |           |-- bigsur
 |           |   `-- board-specific files
 |           |
 |           ... more boards here ...
 |
 `-- include
     `-- asm-sh
         |-- adx
         |   `-- board-specific headers
         |-- bigsur
         |   `-- board-specific headers
         |
 	.. more boards here ...

 Next, for companion chips:
 .
 `-- arch
     `-- sh
         `-- cchips
             `-- hd6446x
                 |-- hd64461
                 |   `-- cchip-specific files
                 `-- hd64465
                     `-- cchip-specific files

 ... and so on. Headers for the companion chips are treated the same way as
 board-specific headers. Thus, include/asm-sh/hd64461 is home to all of the
 hd64461-specific headers.

 Finally, CPU family support is also abstracted:
 .
 |-- arch
 |   `-- sh
 |       |-- kernel
 |       |   `-- cpu
 |       |       |-- sh2
 |       |       |   `-- SH-2 generic files
 |       |       |-- sh3
 |       |       |   `-- SH-3 generic files
 |       |       `-- sh4
 |       |           `-- SH-4 generic files
 |       `-- mm
 |           `-- This is also broken out per CPU family, so each family can
 |               have their own set of cache/tlb functions.
 |
 `-- include
     `-- asm-sh
         |-- cpu-sh2
         |   `-- SH-2 specific headers
         |-- cpu-sh3
         |   `-- SH-3 specific headers
         `-- cpu-sh4
             `-- SH-4 specific headers

 It should be noted that CPU subtypes are _not_ abstracted. Thus, these still
 need to be dealt with by the CPU family specific code.

 2. Adding a New Board
 =====================

 The first thing to determine is whether the board you are adding will be
 isolated, or whether it will be part of a family of boards that can mostly
 share the same board-specific code with minor differences.

 In the first case, this is just a matter of making a directory for your
 board in arch/sh/boards/ and adding rules to hook your board in with the
 build system (more on this in the next section). However, for board families
 it makes more sense to have a common top-level arch/sh/boards/ directory
 and then populate that with sub-directories for each member of the family.
 Both the Solution Engine and the hp6xx boards are an example of this.

 After you have setup your new arch/sh/boards/ directory, remember that you
 should also add a directory in include/asm-sh for headers localized to this
 board (if there are going to be more than one). In order to interoperate
 seamlessly with the build system, it's best to have this directory the same
 as the arch/sh/boards/ directory name, though if your board is again part of
 a family, the build system has ways of dealing with this (via incdir-y
 overloading), and you can feel free to name the directory after the family
 member itself.

 There are a few things that each board is required to have, both in the
 arch/sh/boards and the include/asm-sh/ hierarchy. In order to better
 explain this, we use some examples for adding an imaginary board. For
 setup code, we're required at the very least to provide definitions for
 get_system_type() and platform_setup(). For our imaginary board, this
 might look something like:

 /*
  * arch/sh/boards/vapor/setup.c - Setup code for imaginary board
  */
 #include <linux/init.h>
 #include <asm/rtc.h> /* for board_time_init() */

 const char *get_system_type(void)
 {
 	return "FooTech Vaporboard";
 }

 int __init platform_setup(void)
 {
   	/*
 	 * If our hardware actually existed, we would do real
 	 * setup here. Though it's also sane to leave this empty
 	 * if there's no real init work that has to be done for
 	 * this board.
 	 */

   	/*
 	 * Presume all FooTech boards have the same broken timer,
 	 * and also presume that we've defined foo_timer_init to
 	 * do something useful.
 	 */
   	board_time_init = foo_timer_init;

 	/* Start-up imaginary PCI ... */

 	/* And whatever else ... */

 	return 0;
 }

 Our new imaginary board will also have to tie into the machvec in order for it
 to be of any use.

 machvec functions fall into a number of categories:

  - I/O functions to IO memory (inb etc) and PCI/main memory (readb etc).
  - I/O mapping functions (ioport_map, ioport_unmap, etc).
  - a 'heartbeat' function.
  - PCI and IRQ initialization routines.
  - Consistent allocators (for boards that need special allocators,
    particularly for allocating out of some board-specific SRAM for DMA
    handles).

 There are machvec functions added and removed over time, so always be sure to
 consult include/asm-sh/machvec.h for the current state of the machvec.

 The kernel will automatically wrap in generic routines for undefined function
 pointers in the machvec at boot time, as machvec functions are referenced
 unconditionally throughout most of the tree. Some boards have incredibly
 sparse machvecs (such as the dreamcast and sh03), whereas others must define
 virtually everything (rts7751r2d).

 Adding a new machine is relatively trivial (using vapor as an example):

 If the board-specific definitions are quite minimalistic, as is the case for
 the vast majority of boards, simply having a single board-specific header is
 sufficient.

  - add a new file include/asm-sh/vapor.h which contains prototypes for
    any machine specific IO functions prefixed with the machine name, for
    example vapor_inb. These will be needed when filling out the machine
    vector.

    Note that these prototypes are generated automatically by setting
    __IO_PREFIX to something sensible. A typical example would be:

 	#define __IO_PREFIX vapor
    	#include <asm/io_generic.h>

    somewhere in the board-specific header. Any boards being ported that still
    have a legacy io.h should remove it entirely and switch to the new model.

  - Add machine vector definitions to the board's setup.c. At a bare minimum,
    this must be defined as something like:

 	struct sh_machine_vector mv_vapor __initmv = {
 		.mv_name = "vapor",
 	};
 	ALIAS_MV(vapor)

  - finally add a file arch/sh/boards/vapor/io.c, which contains definitions of
    the machine specific io functions (if there are enough to warrant it).

 3. Hooking into the Build System
 ================================

 Now that we have the corresponding directories setup, and all of the
 board-specific code is in place, it's time to look at how to get the
 whole mess to fit into the build system.

 Large portions of the build system are now entirely dynamic, and merely
 require the proper entry here and there in order to get things done.

 The first thing to do is to add an entry to arch/sh/Kconfig, under the
 "System type" menu:

 config SH_VAPOR
 	bool "Vapor"
 	help
 	  select Vapor if configuring for a FooTech Vaporboard.

 next, this has to be added into arch/sh/Makefile. All boards require a
 machdir-y entry in order to be built. This entry needs to be the name of
 the board directory as it appears in arch/sh/boards, even if it is in a
 sub-directory (in which case, all parent directories below arch/sh/boards/
 need to be listed). For our new board, this entry can look like:

 machdir-$(CONFIG_SH_VAPOR)	+= vapor

 provided that we've placed everything in the arch/sh/boards/vapor/ directory.

 Next, the build system assumes that your include/asm-sh directory will also
 be named the same. If this is not the case (as is the case with multiple
 boards belonging to a common family), then the directory name needs to be
 implicitly appended to incdir-y. The existing code manages this for the
 Solution Engine and hp6xx boards, so see these for an example.

 Once that is taken care of, it's time to add an entry for the mach type.
 This is done by adding an entry to the end of the arch/sh/tools/mach-types
 list. The method for doing this is self explanatory, and so we won't waste
 space restating it here. After this is done, you will be able to use
 implicit checks for your board if you need this somewhere throughout the
 common code, such as:

 	/* Make sure we're on the FooTech Vaporboard */
 	if (!mach_is_vapor())
 		return -ENODEV;

 also note that the mach_is_boardname() check will be implicitly forced to
 lowercase, regardless of the fact that the mach-types entries are all
 uppercase. You can read the script if you really care, but it's pretty ugly,
 so you probably don't want to do that.

 Now all that's left to do is providing a defconfig for your new board. This
 way, other people who end up with this board can simply use this config
 for reference instead of trying to guess what settings are supposed to be
 used on it.

 Also, as soon as you have copied over a sample .config for your new board
 (assume arch/sh/configs/vapor_defconfig), you can also use this directly as a
 build target, and it will be implicitly listed as such in the help text.

 Looking at the 'make help' output, you should now see something like:

 Architecture specific targets (sh):
   zImage                  - Compressed kernel image (arch/sh/boot/zImage)
   adx_defconfig           - Build for adx
   cqreek_defconfig        - Build for cqreek
   dreamcast_defconfig     - Build for dreamcast
 ...
   vapor_defconfig         - Build for vapor

 which then allows you to do:

 $ make ARCH=sh CROSS_COMPILE=sh4-linux- vapor_defconfig vmlinux

 which will in turn copy the defconfig for this board, run it through
 oldconfig (prompting you for any new options since the time of creation),
 and start you on your way to having a functional kernel for your new
 board.

	Adding a new board to LinuxSH
	================================

	Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>

	This document attempts to outline what steps are necessary to add support
	for new boards to the LinuxSH port under the new 2.5 and 2.6 kernels. This
	also attempts to outline some of the noticeable changes between the 2.4
	and the 2.5/2.6 SH backend.

	1. New Directory Structure
	==========================

	The first thing to note is the new directory structure. Under 2.4, most
	of the board-specific code (with the exception of stboards) ended up
	in arch/sh/kernel/ directly, with board-specific headers ending up in
	include/asm-sh/. For the new kernel, things are broken out by board type,
	companion chip type, and CPU type. Looking at a tree view of this directory
	hierarchy looks like the following:

	Board-specific code:

	.
	\|-- arch
	\| `-- sh
	\| `-- boards
	\| \|-- adx
	\| \| `-- board-specific files
	\| \|-- bigsur
	\| \| `-- board-specific files
	\| \|
	\| ... more boards here ...
	\|
	`-- include
	`-- asm-sh
	\|-- adx
	\| `-- board-specific headers
	\|-- bigsur
	\| `-- board-specific headers
	\|
	.. more boards here ...

	Next, for companion chips:
	.
	`-- arch
	`-- sh
	`-- cchips
	`-- hd6446x
	\|-- hd64461
	\| `-- cchip-specific files
	`-- hd64465
	`-- cchip-specific files

	... and so on. Headers for the companion chips are treated the same way as
	board-specific headers. Thus, include/asm-sh/hd64461 is home to all of the
	hd64461-specific headers.

	Finally, CPU family support is also abstracted:
	.
	\|-- arch
	\| `-- sh
	\| \|-- kernel
	\| \| `-- cpu
	\| \| \|-- sh2
	\| \| \| `-- SH-2 generic files
	\| \| \|-- sh3
	\| \| \| `-- SH-3 generic files
	\| \| `-- sh4
	\| \| `-- SH-4 generic files
	\| `-- mm
	\| `-- This is also broken out per CPU family, so each family can
	\| have their own set of cache/tlb functions.
	\|
	`-- include
	`-- asm-sh
	\|-- cpu-sh2
	\| `-- SH-2 specific headers
	\|-- cpu-sh3
	\| `-- SH-3 specific headers
	`-- cpu-sh4
	`-- SH-4 specific headers

	It should be noted that CPU subtypes are _not_ abstracted. Thus, these still
	need to be dealt with by the CPU family specific code.

	2. Adding a New Board
	=====================

	The first thing to determine is whether the board you are adding will be
	isolated, or whether it will be part of a family of boards that can mostly
	share the same board-specific code with minor differences.

	In the first case, this is just a matter of making a directory for your
	board in arch/sh/boards/ and adding rules to hook your board in with the
	build system (more on this in the next section). However, for board families
	it makes more sense to have a common top-level arch/sh/boards/ directory
	and then populate that with sub-directories for each member of the family.
	Both the Solution Engine and the hp6xx boards are an example of this.

	After you have setup your new arch/sh/boards/ directory, remember that you
	should also add a directory in include/asm-sh for headers localized to this
	board (if there are going to be more than one). In order to interoperate
	seamlessly with the build system, it's best to have this directory the same
	as the arch/sh/boards/ directory name, though if your board is again part of
	a family, the build system has ways of dealing with this (via incdir-y
	overloading), and you can feel free to name the directory after the family
	member itself.

	There are a few things that each board is required to have, both in the
	arch/sh/boards and the include/asm-sh/ hierarchy. In order to better
	explain this, we use some examples for adding an imaginary board. For
	setup code, we're required at the very least to provide definitions for
	get_system_type() and platform_setup(). For our imaginary board, this
	might look something like:

	/*
	* arch/sh/boards/vapor/setup.c - Setup code for imaginary board
	*/
	#include <linux/init.h>
	#include <asm/rtc.h> /* for board_time_init() */

	const char *get_system_type(void)
	{
	return "FooTech Vaporboard";
	}

	int __init platform_setup(void)
	{
	/*
	* If our hardware actually existed, we would do real
	* setup here. Though it's also sane to leave this empty
	* if there's no real init work that has to be done for
	* this board.
	*/

	/*
	* Presume all FooTech boards have the same broken timer,
	* and also presume that we've defined foo_timer_init to
	* do something useful.
	*/
	board_time_init = foo_timer_init;

	/* Start-up imaginary PCI ... */

	/* And whatever else ... */

	return 0;
	}

	Our new imaginary board will also have to tie into the machvec in order for it
	to be of any use.

	machvec functions fall into a number of categories:

	- I/O functions to IO memory (inb etc) and PCI/main memory (readb etc).
	- I/O mapping functions (ioport_map, ioport_unmap, etc).
	- a 'heartbeat' function.
	- PCI and IRQ initialization routines.
	- Consistent allocators (for boards that need special allocators,
	particularly for allocating out of some board-specific SRAM for DMA
	handles).

	There are machvec functions added and removed over time, so always be sure to
	consult include/asm-sh/machvec.h for the current state of the machvec.

	The kernel will automatically wrap in generic routines for undefined function
	pointers in the machvec at boot time, as machvec functions are referenced
	unconditionally throughout most of the tree. Some boards have incredibly
	sparse machvecs (such as the dreamcast and sh03), whereas others must define
	virtually everything (rts7751r2d).

	Adding a new machine is relatively trivial (using vapor as an example):

	If the board-specific definitions are quite minimalistic, as is the case for
	the vast majority of boards, simply having a single board-specific header is
	sufficient.

	- add a new file include/asm-sh/vapor.h which contains prototypes for
	any machine specific IO functions prefixed with the machine name, for
	example vapor_inb. These will be needed when filling out the machine
	vector.

	Note that these prototypes are generated automatically by setting
	__IO_PREFIX to something sensible. A typical example would be:

	#define __IO_PREFIX vapor
	#include <asm/io_generic.h>

	somewhere in the board-specific header. Any boards being ported that still
	have a legacy io.h should remove it entirely and switch to the new model.

	- Add machine vector definitions to the board's setup.c. At a bare minimum,
	this must be defined as something like:

	struct sh_machine_vector mv_vapor __initmv = {
	.mv_name = "vapor",
	};
	ALIAS_MV(vapor)

	- finally add a file arch/sh/boards/vapor/io.c, which contains definitions of
	the machine specific io functions (if there are enough to warrant it).

	3. Hooking into the Build System
	================================

	Now that we have the corresponding directories setup, and all of the
	board-specific code is in place, it's time to look at how to get the
	whole mess to fit into the build system.

	Large portions of the build system are now entirely dynamic, and merely
	require the proper entry here and there in order to get things done.

	The first thing to do is to add an entry to arch/sh/Kconfig, under the
	"System type" menu:

	config SH_VAPOR
	bool "Vapor"
	help
	select Vapor if configuring for a FooTech Vaporboard.

	next, this has to be added into arch/sh/Makefile. All boards require a
	machdir-y entry in order to be built. This entry needs to be the name of
	the board directory as it appears in arch/sh/boards, even if it is in a
	sub-directory (in which case, all parent directories below arch/sh/boards/
	need to be listed). For our new board, this entry can look like:

	machdir-$(CONFIG_SH_VAPOR) += vapor

	provided that we've placed everything in the arch/sh/boards/vapor/ directory.

	Next, the build system assumes that your include/asm-sh directory will also
	be named the same. If this is not the case (as is the case with multiple
	boards belonging to a common family), then the directory name needs to be
	implicitly appended to incdir-y. The existing code manages this for the
	Solution Engine and hp6xx boards, so see these for an example.

	Once that is taken care of, it's time to add an entry for the mach type.
	This is done by adding an entry to the end of the arch/sh/tools/mach-types
	list. The method for doing this is self explanatory, and so we won't waste
	space restating it here. After this is done, you will be able to use
	implicit checks for your board if you need this somewhere throughout the
	common code, such as:

	/* Make sure we're on the FooTech Vaporboard */
	if (!mach_is_vapor())
	return -ENODEV;

	also note that the mach_is_boardname() check will be implicitly forced to
	lowercase, regardless of the fact that the mach-types entries are all
	uppercase. You can read the script if you really care, but it's pretty ugly,
	so you probably don't want to do that.

	Now all that's left to do is providing a defconfig for your new board. This
	way, other people who end up with this board can simply use this config
	for reference instead of trying to guess what settings are supposed to be
	used on it.

	Also, as soon as you have copied over a sample .config for your new board
	(assume arch/sh/configs/vapor_defconfig), you can also use this directly as a
	build target, and it will be implicitly listed as such in the help text.

	Looking at the 'make help' output, you should now see something like:

	Architecture specific targets (sh):
	zImage - Compressed kernel image (arch/sh/boot/zImage)
	adx_defconfig - Build for adx
	cqreek_defconfig - Build for cqreek
	dreamcast_defconfig - Build for dreamcast
	...
	vapor_defconfig - Build for vapor

	which then allows you to do:

	$ make ARCH=sh CROSS_COMPILE=sh4-linux- vapor_defconfig vmlinux

	which will in turn copy the defconfig for this board, run it through
	oldconfig (prompting you for any new options since the time of creation),
	and start you on your way to having a functional kernel for your new
	board.